Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)
What is Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)?
Frozen shoulder is characterized by stiffness, pain, and reduced range of motion in the shoulder joint due to capsular adhesions and inflammation.
- Progressive shoulder stiffness
- Capsular thickening and adhesions
Overview of the Condition
Commonly seen in middle-aged adults, especially in diabetics. It typically progresses through freezing, frozen, and thawing phases.
Symptoms
- Severe shoulder stiffness
- Pain that can worsen at night
- Restricted active and passive motion
Causes
Exact etiology is unknown but may be linked to inflammation of the joint capsule, prolonged immobilization, or certain systemic conditions (e.g., diabetes).
Diagnosis
Based on clinical exam showing restricted passive and active range of motion. Imaging rules out other pathologies.
Treatment Options
- Physical therapy and NSAIDs
- Intra-articular steroid injections
- Manipulation under anesthesia or arthroscopic release in refractory cases
Conservative Management
Most cases improve gradually with guided exercises, anti-inflammatory medications, and injections to reduce pain and swelling.
Rehabilitation Exercises
- Pendulum exercises for gentle mobility
- Passive stretching of the capsule
- Progressive strengthening once range of motion improves
Surgical Options
Arthroscopic capsular release may be performed if conservative treatment fails to restore motion.
Anatomy Overview
The shoulder capsule becomes thickened and tight, limiting joint movement, leading to the “frozen” state.
Affected Areas
- Glenohumeral joint capsule
- Synovial tissues around the shoulder
Frequently Asked Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How long does frozen shoulder last? | It can last from several months to up to 2 years, varying with each individual. |
| Can physical therapy fully restore motion? | In most cases, a dedicated therapy program significantly improves or restores range of motion. |
Prevention Strategies
- Avoid prolonged immobilization
- Engage in gentle range-of-motion exercises after shoulder injuries or surgeries
- Manage underlying conditions like diabetes