Compression Fracture
What is a Compression Fracture?
A compression fracture in the spine occurs when a vertebral body collapses, often due to weakened bone tissue such as in osteoporosis or from significant trauma.
- Commonly seen in the thoracic and upper lumbar spine
- Frequently associated with osteoporosis in older adults
Overview of the Condition
Vertebral compression fractures can lead to pain, reduced mobility, and height loss. Multiple fractures may result in kyphosis (curvature) and ongoing pain.
Symptoms
- Sudden onset of back pain, often worsening with standing or movement
- Loss of height over time
- Kyphotic posture (forward curvature of the spine)
Causes
Osteoporosis is the most common cause, making vertebrae susceptible to fracture even with minor stress. Traumatic injuries, cancerous lesions, or high-impact accidents can also lead to compression fractures.
Diagnosis
Imaging such as X-ray, MRI, or CT scans can confirm vertebral collapse and rule out other pathologies. Bone density tests help identify osteoporosis.
Treatment Options
- Pain management with medications
- Bracing to support the spine
- Physical therapy for mobility and posture
- Osteoporosis management (e.g., calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonates)
Conservative Management
Non-surgical approaches include rest, pain control, bracing, and exercises to strengthen back muscles. Addressing bone density loss is critical to prevent future fractures.
Rehabilitation Exercises
- Gentle stretching to maintain mobility
- Core strengthening to support the spine
- Weight-bearing exercises to improve bone density
When is Surgery Needed?
Surgery may be considered if severe pain persists despite conservative treatment or if there is evidence of spinal instability or neurological compromise.
Surgical Procedures
- Vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty to stabilize the fractured vertebra
- Spinal fusion in cases of significant instability
Anatomy Overview
The vertebral bodies of the spine bear much of the body’s weight. In a compression fracture, the front portion of a vertebra collapses, altering its shape and integrity.
Affected Areas
- Thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae
- Surrounding spinal muscles and ligaments
- Potential impact on nerve roots if fracture compromises spinal canal space
Frequently Asked Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Can a compression fracture heal on its own? | Yes. Many fractures heal with rest, bracing, and pain control, though complete recovery varies based on severity and osteoporosis status. |
| How can I prevent future fractures? | Maintain bone density through weight-bearing exercises, sufficient calcium/vitamin D, and medications when necessary. |
Prevention Strategies
- Regular exercise and strength training
- Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D
- Routine bone density screenings